4.12 Greenhouse Effect

• Uv light is short wavelength with high energy
• When it comes into the atmosphere it gets reflected of the earth's surface back into space as infra-red light 
• Green house gases such as water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide etc trap the infra-red rays 
• Once the heat is trapped the overall global temperature increases 

4.11 Gas pollution

When fuels are burnt toxic gases are produced
Sulphur dioxide:

• Is caused by the burning of coal and oil from factories 
• Sulphuric acid forms acid rain (changes the ph of the water)
• Causes plants leaves to burn and roots to be leached of minerals resulting in no growth 
• Causes lakes to become acidic and reduces oxygen levels suffocating fish

Carbon Monoxide:

• Caused by burning of fossil fuels and coal with insufficient oxygen 
• Is very to toxic to living things especially humans 
• Bonds with the Hemoglobin in the red blood stream and causes oxygen depletion in the blood stream

4.7 Energy Efficient

• Only 10% of Energy moves on from one animal to the next 
• The secondary consumer only gets 1% of the original energy 
• Consumers do not get 100% of the energy because energy is used up in respiration and excretion

4.6 Understand the transfer of substances and of energy along a food chain.

• Producers change the energy from the sun into chemical stored energy that they can use for respiration 
• Chemical energy are lipids, carbohydrates and proteins 
• The producer breaks the bonds in the molecules which contain energy 
• When something eats the producer the enrgy is passed on 

4.5 Food Chains and Food webs

4.5a Food chains
• Food chains=links producer to other consumers
• 1 organism per tropic level
• Cannot show animals that are omnivore, or 2 tropic levels
• Show the flow of matter/energy

4.5b Food webs
• Shows ecosystem
• Shows interaction (feeding) of a community of organism
• Feeding at different tropic levels
• Organisms have multiple predators/multiple prey
• It is a link of many different food chains

4.4 Tropic Levels

• Tropic= to feed
• Producers at the bottom of the food chain(plants etc)
• Consumers are things that eat other things (animals etc)
• Producers change light energy to chemical energy
• Consumers ea the producer and converts chemical energy to their own chemical energy
• 1st consumer= primary 2nd consumer=secondary 3rd= tertiary
• Decomposers= fungi and bacteria (turns them into nitrates and phosphates)

Ecosystem

4.1 Ecosystem
• Describe the community of organism
• Community of organism: Population of different species, no. of individuals in a particular species, Organism reproduction
• Describe the habitat
Habitat: a biotic factors in that area e.g. Temperature, rainfall, daylight non-biological things)
• Eco-system is a community of organisms that interact with one another in a habitat



4.2 Quadrates
• Quadrates are used to estimate the population size of an organism
• Count the number of individuals in the population
• Quadrate = Square grid used to sample an area in the ecosystem
• Count the number of individuals in the quadrate and repeat a number of times
• Used to find an estimate of population size



4.3 Quadrate sampling
• Quadrate Sampling must be a large sample and random
• Grid system
• Generate random numbers (from online/tables)
• Take sample and count number of individuals(e.g. daisy)
• The bigger the quadrate the better
• About 10 quadrates which is 10% of the actual area
• Make a table with the quadrate number and the number of individuals
• Add up total number of individual organisms then divide by the number of quadrates
• Gives up the number of organisms per m2